The plants
Flammability research on over 500 plants
‘Safer Gardens’ contains evidence-based information about the flammability of over 500 exotic and Australian native plants. There is a brief summary of this information in the Plant Flammability Table but for more detailed information you should turn to the A-Z section of the book. This is where information about research into each plant can be found, including its flammability. It also covers other useful topics for gardeners such as weediness, toxicity, invasiveness of its roots and any special needs, e.g. afternoon shade or high water requirements.
The A-Z is divided into 5 chapters:
Deciduous trees and shrubs
The Orchard
Evergreen trees and shrubs
Low plants and climbers
Succulents
Deciduous trees and shrubs
Many people believe that all deciduous plants have low flammability but my research indicates this is not the case.
Around the world, the fire season seems to be getting longer, with large fires sometimes occurring in spring and autumn. Consequently fire may come through at a time when the leaves on deciduous trees are turning autumn colours and getting ready to fall. These autumn leaves are more flammable than the green summer leaves. If deciduous trees are planted too close to a home they could potentially put the home at risk if there are autumn fires.
Chinese pistachio (Pistacia chinensis) in autumn. Picture by MPF courtesy of Wikipedia.
The Orchard
This includes fruit and nuts. In some Mediterranean countries certain types of orchards, such as citrus, are used as green belts to provide a break between forest areas and villages.
Olive trees are sometimes included on ‘fire retardant’ lists. However they are very hard to put out once alight. A researcher investigating the 2007 wildfire season in Southern Greece found that fire damage in olive groves was greater if weeds had been cut down but left lying on the ground (Zirogiannis 2009).
Apricot flowers in an orchard in the village of Benhama, Kashmir. Picture by Mehraj Mir courtesy of Wikipedia.
Evergreen trees and shrubs
Research indicates that some evergreen trees and shrubs have low flammability. These plants may be suitable for firewise gardens if they are well maintained and if ground litter and dead branches are regularly removed. Shrubs should not be placed under trees where they may provide a ladder fuel, enabling fire to reach the canopy. Flames from a 2m shrub may reach between 6 to 10m high depending on the intensity of the fire. Remember, in a really fierce fire, all plants will burn. It is best to select plants which don’t drop a lot of leaves through summer as they will add to the general fuel load in your garden at a time of heightened fire risk.
Research indicates that native frangipani trees (Hymenosporum flavum) have very low to extremely low flammability. The branches are brittle so be careful where you place it. Picture by Peter Woodard courtesy of Wikipedia.
Low plants and climbers
This section includes grasses, climbers, groundcovers and low plants. Climbers often contain dead material in their interior, and because of their vertical growth, there is a lot of oxygen around them to feed a fire. If allowed to climb into trees, not only do they enable fire to reach the canopy, they may smother the tree, causing many of its leaves to die, thus increasing the flammability of the tree. Be aware that groundcovers often develop a dead thatch beneath their lush surface. Small plants don’t have as much foliage to burn as bigger plants and so contribute less fuel to a fire. Choose ones such as ivy geranium which research indicates has very low flammability.
The leaves of ivy leaf geranium (Pelargonium peltatum) have a very high moisture content. Picture by Andrew Massyn courtesy of Wikipedia.
Succulents
There are reports of some succulents helping to slow down a fire or even helping to save a home from fire. Many succulents have juicy leaves with a high moisture content. This moisture needs to be driven off by the heat of the fire before the leaves can ignite. However some succulents only have a short life and accumulate a lot of dead material as they age. Be careful with the placement of succulents that have sharp spiny tips.
Spiral aloe (Aloe polyphylla) in San Francisco. Picture by Snapdragon66 courtesy of Wikipedia.
Spiny plants may be a danger to children or to firefighters, especially if they are fighting a fire at night. Picture by Berthold Werner courtesy of Wikipedia.
What do researchers say?
One test indicates the green leaves of Queensland silver wattle (Acacia podalyriifolia) have high flammability but another indicates they have very low flammability. A volunteer firefighter told me that in a low intensity fire this wattle won’t be too bad, but in a high intensity fire it will burn well. The Tasmania Fire Service says that based on the combined green and dry leaf flammability results it has moderate flammability. It is a weed in parts of Australia.
Queensland silver wattle (Acacia podalyriifolia) in Wagga Wagga, Australia. Picture by Bidgee courtesy of Wikipedia.
Two tests indicate the green leaves of crimson bottlebrush (Callistemon citrinus) have low to moderate flammability, while another indicates they have moderate flammability. The accepted wisdom is that all bottlebrushes are very flammable, but these findings seem to suggest this is not always the case. My take on these test results is that crimson bottlebrush is likely to have moderate flammability.
Red bottlebrush flower (Callistemon citrinus). Picture by Chilepine courtesy of Wikipedia.
Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) is an evergreen tree with beautiful scented flowers. There are conflicting opinions about its flammability. One test indicates the green leaves have low flammability, but another considers them to be highly flammable. According to two researchers, the leaves contain significant amounts of volatile oils. The presence of volatile oils can be an indication that a plant is quite flammable, depending on which ones it contains.
Magnòlia a Verbania in Catalonia by Josep Renalias courtesy of Wikipedia.
Learn more about the book
Long ribbons of bark can become firebrands carried on the wind. Picture by David Clode courtesy of Pexels.
A list of all the plants that are mentioned in this book
This list includes Latin names and common names. Latin names are in italics.
A
Abelia grandiflora; abelia, glossy; Abies cephalonica; Acacia acinacea; Acacia baileyana; Acacia cyanophylla; Acacia dealbata; Acacia decurrens; Acacia implexa; Acacia iteaphylla; Acacia longifolia; Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae; Acacia maidenii; Acacia mearnsii; Acacia melanoxylon; Acacia paradoxa; Acacia podalyriifolia; Acacia pycnantha; Acacia saligna; Acacia sophorae; Acacia species; Acacia stricta; Acacia ulicifolia; Acacia verticillata; Acacia vestita; Acalypha wilkesiana var. marginata; Acca sellowiana; Acer palmatum; Acer platanoides; Acer rubrum; Acer saccharum; Acer species; Achillea millefolium; Acmena smithii; Actinidia deliciosa; Actinotus helianthi; Adam’s needle; Aeonium arboreum; Aeonium species; aeonium, tree; Aesculus hippocastanum; agapanthus; Agapanthus praecox; Agave americana; Agave attenuata; Agave parryi; agave parry’s; Agave species; agave, swan’s neck; Ailanthus altissima; Ajuga australis; Ajuga reptans; alder, speckled; Allocasuarina distyla; Allocasuarina fraseriana; Allocasuarina littoralis; Allocasuarina species; Allocasuarina torulosa; Allocasuarina verticillata; almond, sweet; Alnus incana; Aloe (unspecified species); Aloe arborescens; Aloe species; Aloe x spinosissima; aloe, candelabra; aloe, spider; Alyogyne huegelii; Amelanchier canadensis; Ananas comosus; Anemone nemerosa; anemone, wood; angel’s trumpet; Angophora costata; Angophora floribunda; Anigozanthos flavidus; apple, Argyle; apple berry; apple tree; apple, rough barked; apple, smooth barked; apricot; Aptenia cordifolia; Araucaria araucana; Araucaria bidwillii; Araucaria cunninghamii; Araucaria heterophylla; Arbutus unedo; Arbutus x andrachnoides; Arecaceae family; Artemisia (unspecified species); Artemisia absinthium; ash species; ash, claret; ash, crow’s; ash, desert; ash, golden; ash, green; ash, mountain; ash, prickly; ash, white; aspen, quaking; aspen, trembling; Asterolasia hexapetala; Astrotricha latifolia; Atherosperma moschatum; Atriplex cinerea; Atriplex halimus; Atriplex lentiformis; Atriplex nummularia; Atriplex rhagodiodes; Atriplex semibaccata; Atriplex species; avocado; azalea
B
Balga; bamboo; bamboo, common; bamboo, running; bamboo, sacred; Bambusa species; Bambusa vulgaris; banana; Banksia blechnifolia; Banksia ericifolia; Banksia grandis; Banksia integrifolia; Banksia marginata; Banksia paludosa; Banksia sessilis; Banksia species; banksia, bull; banksia, coast; banksia, creeping; banksia, heath leaved; banksia, silver;banksia, swamp; banyalla; barberry, common; barberry, Japanese; bay tree; beautyberry, purple; Bedfordia salicina; beech, European; beech, silver; belah; Berberis thunbergii; Berberis vulgaris; Beschorneria yuccoides; Betula alba; Betula papyrifera; Betula pendula; Betula pubescens; Betula species; Beyeria viscosa; Billardiera scandens; birch species; birch, downy; birch, paper; birch, silver; birch, white; bird of paradise; bitter pea, narrow-leaf; black bean tree; black locust; black sallee; blackberry, elm-leaf; blackberry, European; blackwood; blanket bush; bleeding heart; blueberry ash; blueberry, northern highbush; bluebush, pearl; bluebush, short leaf; boobialla species; boobialla, common; boobialla, creeping; boobialla, mangrove; Bossiaea foliosa; Bossiaea pulchella; Bossiaea scolopendria; bossiaea, leafy; Bothriochloa marra; bottle tree, Queensland; bottlebrush species; bottlebrush, crimson; bottlebrush, stiff; bottlebrush, willow; Bougainvillea species; box, brush; box, dwarf; box, English; box, Paddy’s river; box, yellow; boxwood, little leaf; Brachychiton acerifolius; Brachychiton discolor; Brachychiton populneus; Brachychiton rupestris; Brachychiton x rosea; Brachyscome multifida; bracken fern; broadleaf, New Zealand; broom, English; broom, French; broom, Montpellier; broom, Scotch; broom, Spanish; broom, spiny; Brugmansia suaveolens; buckthorn, Italian; Buddleia davidii; bugle, austral; bugle, common; burgan; bush pea, fine-leaf; butterfly bush; butterwood; Buxus microphylla; Buxus sempervirens
C
cabbage tree; cadaghi; Calicotome spinosa; Callicarpa dichotoma; Callicoma serratifolia; Callistemon (unspecified species); Callistemon citrinus; Callistemon rigidus; Callistemon salignus; Callistemon species; Callitris glaucophylla; Callitris rhomboidea; Callitris species; Callitris verrucosa; Calluna vulgaris; Calodendrum capense; Camellia (unspecified species); Camellia japonica; Camellia sasanqua; Camellia species; camellia, japanese; Canna indica; canna lily; cape chestnut; cape gooseberry; Carica papaya; carob; Carpobrotus edulis; Carpobrotus glaucescens; Carpobrotus rossii; Carpobrotus species; Carya illinoinensis; Cassia floribunda; Cassia javanica; cassia, pink; cassia, showy; Castanea sativa; Castanospermum australe; Casuarina cristata; Casuarina cunninghamiana; Casuarina glauca; Casuarina species; Casuarina stricta; catmint; Ceanothus papillosus; Ceanothus species; ceanothus, Pacific blue; cedar, Atlas; cedar, Australian red; cedar, Himalayan; cedar, mountain; cedar, white; Cedrus atlantica; Cedrus deodara; Cenchrus advena; Cenchrus ciliaris; Cenchrus setaceus; century plant; Ceratonia siliqua; Ceratopetalum gummiferum; Cercis canadensis; Chaenomeles japonica; chalk sticks, blue; Chamaecyparis lawsoniana; Chamaerops humilis; Chamelaucium uncinatum; champaca, golden; chaste tree; chenille plant; cherries; cherry, native; cherry, sweet; chestnut, horse; chestnut, Moreton Bay; chestnut, sweet; chinaberry; Chlorophytum comosum; Choisya ternata; chokecherry; Christmas bush, New South Wales; Christmas tree, New Zealand; chrysanthemum; Chrysanthemum indicum; Cinnamomum camphora; Cissus antarctica; Cistus albidus; Cistus creticus; Cistus ladanifer; Cistus monspeliensis; Cistus salviifolius; Cistus species; Cistus villosus; Cistus x purpureus; Citharexylum spinosum; Citrus aurantium; Citrus limetta; Citrus limon; Citrus nobilis; Citrus reticulata; Citrus sinensis; Citrus species; Clethra alnifolia; coast twin leaf; Coleonema pulchellum ‘Aurea’; coleus; Coprosma (unspecified species); Coprosma grandifolia; Coprosma repens; Coprosma robusta; coral pea, purple; coral tree, batswing; Cordyline australis; coreopsis, moonbeam; Coreopsis verticillata ‘Moonbeam’; corkwood; Correa alba; Correa lawrenceana; Correa pulchella; Correa reflexa; correa, mountain; correa, salmon; correa, white; Cortaderia argentea; Cortaderia jubata; Cortaderia selloana; Corylus avellana; Corymbia calophylla; Corymbia ficifolia; Corymbia maculata; Corymbia torelliana; Corynocarpus laevigatus; Cotinus coggygria x obovatus ‘Grace’; Cotoneaster glaucophyllus; Cotoneaster lacteus; cotoneaster, bright bead; cotoneaster, late; cotoneaster, Parney’s; cotton lavender, green; cotton lavender, grey; cotton rose; cottonwood, eastern; Cotyledon macrantha; Cotyledon orbiculata; crabapple, European; crabapples; Crassula ovata; Crataegus monogyna; crepe myrtle; Crowea exalata; crowea, small; Cupressocyparis leylandii; Cupressus cashmeriana; Cupressus funebris; Cupressus macrocarpa; Cupressus sempervirens; Cupressus species; Cyathea australis; Cyathea dealbata; Cyathea medullaris; Cyathea species; Cydonia oblonga; Cymbopogon citratus; Cyphomandra betacea; cypress, Italian; cypress, Kashmir; cypress, lawson; cypress, leyland; cypress, Mediterranean; cypress, Monterey; cypress, mourning; cypress, Roman; Cytisus scoparius
D
Dahlia ‘Le Coco’; daisies, Livingstone; daisy bush, alpine; daisy, African; daisy, cut-leaf; Dampiera linearis; Dampiera stricta; dampiera, blue; dampiera, common; Daphne odora; daphne, winter; date palm, edible; date palm, Canary Island; date palm, pygmy; date palm, Senegal; Datura suaveolens; Daviesia arborea; Daviesia mimosoides; daylily; Delonix regia; Delosperma species; dewflower; Dianella caerulea; Dianella species; Dianthus caryophyllus; Dicksonia antarctica; Dicksonia species; Dimorphotheca ecklonis; Dioscorea transversa; diosma, golden; Diospyros (unspecified species); Disphyllum ‘Sunburn’; Dodonaea viscosa; dogwood; Drosanthemum species; Dryandra species; dusty miller
E
Earp’s gum; Echeveria species; Echium candicans; egg and bacon bush; Einadia nutans; Elaeocarpus grandis; Elaeocarpus reticulatus; elm species; elm, Chinese; elm, English; elm, golden; emu bush; Enchylaena tomentosa; Eremophila maculata; Erica arborea; Eriobotrya japonica; Eriostemon myoporoides; Erythrina vespertilio; Escallonia macrantha; escallonia, common; Escallonia ‘Pink Pixie’; Eucalyptus acmenoides; Eucalyptus amygdalina; Eucalyptus calophylla; Eucalyptus camaldulensis; Eucalyptus cinerea; Eucalyptus dalrympleana; Eucalyptus dives; Eucalyptus elata; Eucalyptus ficifolia; Eucalyptus globulus; Eucalyptus grasbyi; Eucalyptus grossa; Eucalyptus macarthurii; Eucalyptus maculata; Eucalyptus mannifera; Eucalyptus marginata; Eucalyptus melliodora; Eucalyptus microcorys; Eucalyptus neglecta; Eucalyptus obliqua; Eucalyptus paniculata; Eucalyptus parramattensis; Eucalyptus pauciflora; Eucalyptus pulchella; Eucalyptus punctata; Eucalyptus regnans; Eucalyptus saligna; Eucalyptus serraensis; Eucalyptus siderophloia; Eucalyptus sideroxylon; Eucalyptus species; Eucalyptus stellulata; Eucalyptus torelliana; Eucalyptus viminalis; euodia, pink; Euphorbia characias; Euphorbia ‘Copton Ash’; Euphorbia pulcherrima; Euphorbia species; Euryops pectinatus; Exocarpos cupressiformis
F
Fagus sylvatica; fairy trumpets; fan flower, fairy; fan flower, white; fan palm, California; fan palm, European; fan palm, Mexican; fan palms; Feijoa sellowiana; fescue, blue; Festuca glauca; Ficus benjamina; Ficus carica; Ficus elastica; Ficus macrophylla; Ficus species; Ficus virens; fiddlewood; fig, edible; fig, Hottentot; fig, Moreton Bay; fig, weeping; fig, white; fir, Grecian; firethorn, scarlet; firewheel tree; fish bones; flamboyant tree; flame tree, hybrid; flame tree, Illawarra; flannel flower; flax, mountain; flax, New Zealand; Flindersia australis; Forsythia x intermedia; forsythia, Klein’s; frangipani, native; frangipani, white; Fraxinus americana; Fraxinus angustifolia; Fraxinus angustifolia ‘Raywood’; Fraxinus excelsior ‘Aurea’; Fraxinus oxycarpa; Fraxinus pennsylvanica; Fraxinus species; fruit salad plant; Fuchsia (unspecified species); fuchsia, native
G
Gahnia grandis; Galium verum; gallberry; Gardenia jasminoides; Gazania hybrid (unspecified species); geebung, broad leaf; geebung, narrow leaf; geebung, pine leaved; Geijera parviflora; Genista monspessulana; geranium; geranium, ivy leaf; ginger plant; Gleditsia triacanthos; golden pea; gorse; grape vine; grape, American; grass tree; grass tree, skirted; grass, African fountain; grass, blady; grass, buffel; grass, cutting; grass, elephant; grass, manila; grass, purple fountain; grass, red leg; grass, Sir Walter buffalo; Grevillea ‘Poorinda Leanne’; Grevillea robusta; Grevillea rosmarinifolia; Grevillea shiressii; Grevillea species; grevillea, blue; grevillea, rosemary; Griselinia littoralis; guava, pineapple; guelder rose; gum trees; gum, brittle; gum, grasbyi; gum, grey; gum, manna; gum, mountain white; gum, Omeo; gum, red; gum, red flowering; gum, ribbon; gum, river red; gum, snow; gum, spotted; gum, Sydney blue; gum, Tasmanian blue
H
Hakea cristata; Hakea macraeana; Hakea multilineata; Hakea petiolaris; Hakea salicifolia; Hakea sericea; Hakea species; Hakea teretifolia; hakea, dagger; hakea, grass leaf; hakea, sea urchin; hakea, silky; hakea, snail; hakea, willow leaf; Hardenbergia violacea; Harpullia pendula; hawthorn; hazelnut; heather; Hebe salicifolia; Hebe species; Hebe speciosa; hebe, showy; hebe, willow leaf; Hedera helix; hellebore; Helleborus x hybridus; Hemerocallis aurantiaca; hens and chickens; Hibiscus mutabilis; Hibiscus rosa-sinensis; hibiscus, Chinese; hibiscus, native; hibiscus, Norfolk Island; Hoheria species; holly, English; Homalanthus populifolius; honey locust; honeysuckle, cape; honeysuckle, Japanese; hop bush, sticky; Hydrangea macrophylla; Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Nikko’; Hydrangea quercifolia; Hydrangea species; hydrangea, bigleaf; hydrangea, oakleaf; Hymenocallis littoralis; Hymenosporum flavum
I
ice plant; ice plant, heartleaf; ice plant, highway; ice plant, trailing; Ilex aquifolium; Ilex glabra; Ilex verticillata; Imperata cylindrica; inkberry; Iris x germanica hybrids; iris, bearded; ironbark, grey; ironbark, northern grey; ironbark, red; ironwood, Persian; itch tree; ivy, English
J
Jacaranda; Jacaranda mimosifolia; jade, dwarf; jade plant; jarrah; jasmine, cape; jasmine, primrose; Jasminum mesnyi; juniper, ashe; juniper, Chinese; juniper, creeping; Juniperus ashei; Juniperus chinensis; Juniperus horizontalis; Juniperus species
K
Kalanchoe tomentosa; Kalmia latifolia; kangaroo apple; kangaroo paw, tall; kangaroo thorn; kanuka; karamu; karo; Kennedia prostrata; kerosene bush; Kingia australis; kiwifruit; Kleinia mandraliscae; Kniphofia uvaria; Koelreuteria paniculata; kohuhu; konono; koojong; Kunzea ambigua; Kunzea ericoides; kunzea, white; kurrajong
L
Lacebark; lady’s bedstraw; Lagerstroemia indica; Lagunaria patersonia; lamb’s ear; Lampranthus aurantiacus; Lampranthus species; lantana; Lantana camara; Lasiopetalum macrophyllum; laurel, camphor; laurel, cherry; laurel, mountain; laurel, New Zealand; Laurus nobilis; laurustinus; Lavandula angustifolia; Lavandula dentata; Lavandula stoechas; lavender, English; lavender, French; lavender, Italian; lavender, Spanish; Legnephora moorei; lemon grass; lemon tree; lemon, Persian; Lepidosperma laterale; Leptospermum arachnoides; Leptospermum laevigatum; Leptospermum lanigerum; Leptospermum petersonii; Leptospermum phylicoides; Leptospermum scoparium; Leptospermum species; lightwood; Ligustrum lucidum; lilac, cape; lilac, common; lilly pilly; lilly pilly, dwarf; lily, flax; lily, paroo; lily, spider; liquidambar; Liquidambar styraciflua; Liriodendron tulipifera; Liriope muscari; Lomandra longifolia; Lomandra obliqua; Lomandra species; Lomatia arborescens; lomatia tree; Lonicera japonica; Lophostemon confertus; loquat
M
Macadamia; Macadamia integrifolia; Magnolia champaca; Magnolia figo; Magnolia grandiflora; Magnolia species; magnolia, port wine; magnolia, southern; mahogany, white; Maireana brevifolia; Maireana sedifolia; Maireana species; mallee, coarse-leaf; Malus domestica; Malus species; Malus sylvestris; mamaku; mandarin; Mangifera indica; mango; manuka; maple, Japanese; maple, Norway; maple, red; maple, sugar; marguerite, yellow; marjoram; marri; marvel of Peru; mastic tree; mat-rush, spiny-head; mat-rush, twisted; may bush; Melaleuca alternifolia; Melaleuca quinquenervia; Melaleuca species; Melia azedarach; Melicope elleryana; Mesembryanthemum; Metasequoia glyptostroboides; Metrosideros excelsa; mexican lily; Michelia champaca; Michelia figo; mickey mouse bush; Micrantheum ericoides; Mirabilis jalapa; mirror bush; Miscanthus sinensis; mock-olive, large; mock-orange, Japanese; mondo grass; monkey puzzle; Monstera deliciosa; Morus (unspecified species); Morus species; mousehole tree; mulberry; Musa species; muskwood; Myoporum acuminatum; Myoporum insulare; Myoporum laetum; Myoporum parvifolium; Myoporum species; myrtle, common; Myrtus communis
N
Nandina domestica; nectarine; needlewood; Nepeta x faassenii; Nerium oleander; ngaio; Nicotiana glauca; Notelaea venosa; Nothofagus menziesii; Nyssa sylvatica
O
oak trees; oak, bur; oak, cork; oak, English; oak, holm; oak, Kermes; oak, northern red; oak, pin; oak, swamp white; Ochna serrulata; Olea europaea; oleander; Olearia aglossa; Olearia argophylla; olive tree; Ophiopogon japonicus; Opuntia species; orange blossom, Mexican; orange tree; orange, bitter; Origanum majorana; Orites excelsus; Osteospermum ecklonis
P
paddle plant; palm family; palm, windmill; Palmae family; pampas grass; pampas grass, pink; pampas grass, purple; paperbark tree; paperbarks; parrot bush; Parrotia persica; Passiflora caerulea; Passiflora edulis; Passiflora herbertiana; Passiflora tarminiana; passionfruit, banana; passionfruit, black; passionfruit, native; passionfruit, Nellie Kelly; paw paw; peaches; pear trees; pear, callery; pear, common; pear, Manchurian; pecan; Pelargonium peltatum; Pelargonium species; Pennisetum purpureum; Pennisetum setaceum; Penstemon cultivars; pepper tree, California; pepper, mountain; pepperbush, alpine; pepperbush, brush; peppercorn tree; peppermint, black; peppermint, broadleaf; peppermint, river; peppermint, white; Perovskia atriplicifolia; Persea americana; Persian shield; Persimmon; Persoonia levis; Persoonia linearis; Persoonia pinifolia; Philodendron bipinnatifidum; Philodendron selloum; philodendron, tree; Philotheca hispidula; Philotheca myoporoides; Phlomis fruticosa; Phoenix canariensis; Phoenix dactylifera; Phoenix reclinata; Phoenix roebelenii; Phormium cookianum; Phormium tenax; Photinia glabra; Photinia x fraseri; photinia, Japanese; photinia, red leaf; Phyllanthus gunnii; Phyllostachys (unspecified species); Physalis peruviana; Picea abies; Picea excelsa; pigface; pigface, prostrate; pig’s ears; Pimelia linifolia; pine trees; pine, Aleppo; pine, athel; pine, black; pine, brown; pine, bunya; pine, Calabrian; pine, Chilean; pine, cypress; pine, hoop; pine, mallee; pine, maritime; pine, Mexican weeping; pine, Monterey; pine, Norfolk Island; pine, oyster bay; pine, pencil; pine, plum; pine, radiata; pine, slash; pine, stone; pine, Turkish; pine, umbrella; pine, white cypress; pineapple; pineapple guava; pinks; pinkwood; Pinus brutia; Pinus elliottii; Pinus halepensis; Pinus nigra; Pinus patula; Pinus pinaster; Pinus pinea; Pinus radiata; Pinus species; pistachio nut; pistachio, Chinese; Pistacia chinensis; Pistacia lentiscus; Pistacia vera; Pittosporum bicolor; Pittosporum crassifolium; Pittosporum eugenioides; Pittosporum tenuifolium; Pittosporum tobira; Pittosporum undulatum; pittosporum, Japanese; pittosporum, sweet; plane tree, oriental; plane tree, London; plank plant; Platanus orientalis; Platanus racemosa; Platanus species; Platanus x acerifolia; Platanus x hispanica; Plectranthus scutellarioides; plum trees; plum, European; plum, Japanese; plumbago; Plumeria alba; Poa (unspecified species); Podocarpus elatus; Podocarpus totara; poinciana; poinsettia; Pomaderris apetala; Pomaderris elliptica; pomegranate; ponga; poplar species; poplar, black; poplar, Chinese; poplar, Lombardy; poplar, white; Populus (unspecified species); Populus alba; Populus deltoides; Populus nigra; Populus nigra ‘Italica’; Populus simonii; Populus species; Populus tremuloides; Portulacaria afra; prickly moses; prickly pear cacti; pride of madeira; privet, glossy; Prunus (unspecified species); Prunus amygdalus; Prunus armeniaca; Prunus avium; Prunus cerasifera; Prunus domestica; Prunus dulcis; Prunus laurocerasus; Prunus lusitanica; Prunus persica; Prunus persica var. nucipersica; Prunus salicina; Prunus serotina; Prunus species; Prunus spinosa; Prunus virginiana; Pteridium esculentum; Pultenaea stipularis; Punica granatum; purple heart; pussy ears; Pyracantha coccinea; Pyrus calleryana; Pyrus communis; Pyrus species; Pyrus ussuriensis
Q
Quailbush; quandong, silver; Quercus bicolor; Quercus coccifera; Quercus ilex; Quercus macrocarpa; Quercus palustris; Quercus robur; Quercus rubra; Quercus species; Quercus suber; quince, edible; quince, Japanese
R
rain tree, golden; raspberry, red hot poker; redbud, eastern; redwood, dawn; Rhagodia candolleana; Rhagodia nutans; Rhagodia species; Rhagodia spinescens; Rhamnus alaternus; Rhododendron (unspecified species); Rhododendron species; riceflower, slender; Robinia pseudoacacia; rockrose species; rockrose, Cretan; rockrose, grey leaf; rockrose, gum; rockrose, Montpellier; rockrose, orchid; rockrose, purple; rockrose, sageleaf; Rosa canina; Rosa ‘Cècile Brunner’; Rosa floribunda; Rosa multiflora; Rosa species; rose, Cècile Brunner; rose, confederate; rose, cotton; rose, dog; rose, floribunda; rose, multiflora; rosemary; rosemary, native; rosemary, prostrate; Rosmarinus officinalis; Rosmarinus officinalis prostratus; rowan; rubber plant; Rubus fruticosus aggregate; Rubus idaeus; Rubus ulmifolius; running postman
S
sage, baby; sage, common; sage, Jerusalem; sage, Russian; sage, wild; sage, woodland; sagg; Salix babylonica; Salix chilensis; Salix humboldtiana; Salix species; saltbush, climbing; saltbush, creeping; saltbush, grey; saltbush, Mediterranean; saltbush, nodding; saltbush, oldman; saltbush, ruby; saltbush, seaberry; saltbush, silver; saltbush, spiny; saltbushes; Salvia microphylla; Salvia nemorosa cultivars; Salvia officinalis; Salvia verbenaca; Santolina chamaecyparissus; Santolina virens; Sapium sebiferum; sassafras, southern; saw palmetto; Scaevola aemula; Scaevola albida; Schinus molle; sedge, variable sword; sedum, bush; Sedum dendroideum; Sedum species; Senecio mandraliscae; Senecio viravira; Senna floribunda; Serenoa repens; serviceberry, Canadian; sheoak species; sheoak, black; sheoak, drooping; sheoak, forest; sheoak, river; sheoak, shrubby; sheoak, swamp; sheoak, western; silky oak; silky oak, mountain; silver grass, Chinese; smokebush; society garlic; Solanum aviculare; Solanum sporadotrichum; Sorbus aucuparia; Spartium junceum; Spathodea campanulata; spekboom; spider plant; spiderwort; Spiraea cantoniensis; spruce, Norway; spurge, Copton ash; spurge, Mediterranean; spurge, shrubby; Stachys byzantina; star hair, broad-leaf; Stenocarpus sinuatus; Stenotaphrum secundatum, ‘Sir Walter’; Stephania japonica; stinkwood; stonecrop; stonecrop, tree; strawberry tree; strawberry tree, hybrid; Strelitzia reginae; stringybark, Grampians; stringybark, messmate; Strobilanthes gossypinus; summersweet; sun rose, baby; sycamore, California; Syncarpia glomulifera; Syringa vulgaris; Syzygium francisii ‘Little Gem’; Syzygium smithii
T
tallow, Chinese; tallowwood; tamarillo; tamarisks; Tamarix (unspecified species); Tamarix aphylla; Tamarix species; tarata; Tasmannia insipida; Tasmannia lanceolata; Tasmannia xerophila; tea tree species; tea tree, coast; tea tree, lemon scented; tea tree, narrow leaf; tea tree, New Zealand; tea tree, spidery; tea tree, white; tea tree, woolly; teak, Australian; Tecomaria capensis; Teline monspessulana; Telopea (unspecified species); Tetratheca rupicola; Thunbergia grandiflora; thyme, common; thyme, Moroccan; Thymus ciliatus; Thymus vulgaris; tick bush; tobacco bush; Toona ciliata; totara; Trachycarpus fortunei; trad, wandering; Tradescantia fluminensis; Tradescantia pallida; tree fern, black; tree fern, rough; tree fern, silver; tree fern, soft; tree ferns; tree heath; tree of heaven; Triadica sebifera; Tristania conferta; trumpet vine, blue; Tulbaghia violacea; tulip tree; tulip tree, African; tulipwood; tupelo, black; turf lily; turpentine; tussock grass
U
Ulex europaeus; Ulmus glabra ‘Lutescens’; Ulmus parvifolia; Ulmus procera; Ulmus species
V
Vaccinium corymbosum; velvet bush, shrubby; Viburnum acerifolium; viburnum, arrowwood; Viburnum davidii; Viburnum dentatum ‘Chicago Lustre’; Viburnum lantana; Viburnum odoratissimum; Viburnum opulus; Viburnum species; Viburnum tinus; viburnum, david; viburnum maple leaf; viburnum, sweet; vine, kangaroo; vine, round leaf; vine, snake; Viola hederacea; violet, native; Vitex agnus-castus; Vitis (unspecified species); Vitis vinifera
W
waratah hybrid; Washingtonia filifera; Washingtonia robusta; Washingtonia species; waterbush; wattle species; wattle, black; wattle, coastal; wattle, Cootamundra; wattle, Flinders Range; wattle, gold dust; wattle, golden; wattle, golden wreath; wattle, green; wattle, hairy; wattle, hedge; wattle, hickory; wattle, hop; wattle, juniper; wattle, maiden’s; wattle, Mount Morgan; wattle, Queensland silver; wattle, silver; wattle, Sydney golden; wax, Geraldton; waxflower; waxflower, long-leaf; wayfarer tree; Weigela florida; Westringia fruticosa; wilga; willow, native; willow, pencil; willow, weeping; winterberry; Wisteria (unspecified species); woollsia; Woollsia pungens; woollybutt, Camden; wormwood
X
Xanthorrhoea preissii; Xanthorrhoea species
Y
yam, native; yarrow; Yucca filamentosa
Z
Zieria arborescens; Zingiber officinale; Zoysia macrantha; Zygophyllum billardierei
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